The 3D printed part is a great solution!
If you still want to try repairing the old part, a stronger glue, added reinforcements, or a combination of both might work. Below are a couple (of many ways) to do this.
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In the first picture. The outside of the post is roughed up so a mechanical bond with the glue can be made. My favorite glue for this type of repair is original JB Weld. In this repair the epoxy itself provides all of the strength.
In the second picture, metal pins are heated and pushed into the plastic. The melted plastic holds the pins in place and the metal provides the strength. Another option could be to glue a thin walled metal tube over the post.
For any repair, be sure that you clean out any material that may have gotten into the screw hole. Lubricating the screw can also reduce the stress on the repaired part.
None of these options will look as good as the 3D printed part, but once the speaker is reassembled nobody but you will know.
Glitch